The Improved Elevator Invention of Alexander Miles

Alexander Miles of Duluth, Minnesota patented an electric elevator on October 11, 1887. His innovation in the mechanism to open and close elevator doors greatly improved elevator safety.  Miles is notable for being a  black inventor  and successful business person in 19th Century America.   Elevator Patent for Automatic Closing Doors The problem with elevators at that time was that the doors of the elevator and the shaft had to be opened and closed manually. This could be done either by those riding in the elevator, or a dedicated elevator operator.  People would forget to close the shaft door. As a result,  there were accidents with people falling down the elevator shaft. Miles was concerned when he saw a shaft door left open when he was riding an elevator with his daughter. Miles  improved the method of the opening and closing of elevator  doors and the shaft door when an elevator was not on that floor.  He created an automatic mechanism that closed access to the shaft by the action of the cage moving. His design attached a flexible belt to the elevator cage. When it went over drums positioned at the appropriate spots above and below a floor, it automated opening and closing the doors with levers and rollers. Miles was granted a patent on this mechanism and it is still influential in elevator design today. He was not the only person to get a patent on automated elevator door systems, as John W. Meaker was granted a patent 13 years earlier. Early Life of Inventor Alexander Miles Miles was born in 1838 in Ohio to Michael Miles and Mary Pompy and is not recorded as having been a slave. He moved to Wisconsin and worked as a barber. He later moved to Minnesota where his draft registration showed he was living in Winona in 1863. He showed his talents for invention by creating and marketing hair care products. He met Candace Dunlap, a white woman who was a widow with two children. They married and moved to Duluth, Minnesota by 1875, where he lived for more than two decades. They had a daughter, Grace, in 1876. In Duluth, the couple invested in real estate, and Miles operated the barbershop at the upscale St. Louis Hotel. He was the first black member of the Duluth Chamber of Commerce. Later Life of Alexander Miles Miles and his family lived in comfort and prosperity in Duluth. He was active in politics and fraternal organizations. In 1899 he sold real estate investments in Duluth and moved to Chicago. He founded The United Brotherhood as a life insurance company that would ensure black people, who were often denied coverage at that time. Recessions took a toll on his investments, and he and his family resettled in Seattle, Washington. At one time it was believed he was the wealthiest black person in the Pacific Northwest, but that did not last. In the last decades of his life, he was again working as a barber. He died in 1918 and was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2007.

What Makes Next For The Ever Quickening Fast Fashion

What global factors are at play in fashion design?†¨ Global questions are the most complicated ones to follow, as they’ve got an incomprehensible number of factors. However, it’s not impossible to do so. I am convinced that the answer to the question of what global factors are at play in fashion design is â€Å"the majority†, but I will need to provide a bigger picture of the industry to back it up. To do that I identified and researched three questions which in my opinion are able to give you a good picture of events. 1. What is next for the ever-quickening fast fashion? Modern fashion world can be absolutely defined by its speed. If not by it being faster than ever (when the future might be taken into consideration), than definitely by the astonishing milestone it’s now facing. Beforehand fashion was rather paced out, structured, new trends were introduced biannually at the allocated times. Today with that much freedom and technological progress at out hands fashion became instantaneous. Trends used to start being developed years in advance, carefully calculating _______________(year), not with the ever growing popularity of social media the structure and the periodicality of trend forcasting changed drastically(year). There is no more speculations, only research and analysis. Knowing where to look it can be easily found what exactly is growing positively or negatively on the market. Currently there are companies like Inditex, how have new products coming into their shopsShow MoreRelatedCoach Inc. case analysis7833 Words   |  32 PagesTh e competitions in the luxury goods industry are pretty intense. Many competitors of Coach are from France and Italy such as Louis Vuitton, Hermà ¨s, Gucci, and Prada. Having superior brand recognitions and strong impacts on global luxury goods market make them become dangerous rivals of Coach, Inc. Even though Coach Inc. has come up with good strategy, it still suffered from harsh competition. The profit margin was still below the level achieved prior to the onset of a slowing economy in 2007 and itsRead MoreThe Emergence of the Fast Fashion Business Model and Imposed Quick Response Challenges for Chinese Fabric Manufacturers14773 Words   |  60 PagesEmergence of the Fast Fashion Business Model and Imposed Quick Response Challenges for Chinese Fabric Manufacturers Jennie Hope Peterson, Jimmy Chang, Yiu-Hing Wong, and Carl A. Lawrence Abstract This chapter explores and develops fast fashion in the current retailing industry and its impacts on how the Chinese textile manufacturing industry has adjusted to remain competitive. Fast fashion evolved at the turn of the twenty-ï ¬ rst century into a business approach characterized by fresh fashions, shorterRead MoreSelf Service28523 Words   |  115 PagesCommittee Member NORBERTO CRUZ, Ed.D., Independent Reviewer DAL DIDIA, Ph.D, Visiting Professor DELLROY BIRCH, Peer Learner ACCEPTED AND SIGNED: JIM MIRABELLA, D.B.A. Kurt Linberg, Ph.D. Executive Director, School of Business Abstract Customers want fast checkout systems. Retailers are always searching for ways to improve store checkout systems. This study compared the cashier checkout and the electronic selfcheck out systems. 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What organizational and managerial styles will improve chances of project success? How do project managers orchestrate the complex network of relationships involving vendors, subcontractors, project team members, senior management, functional managers, and customers that affect project success? What factors contribute to the development of a high-performance project team? What project manage ment

Calcium Element Essay Example For Students

Calcium Element Essay Calcium Element symbolCA Atomic weight40.08 Element number20 Number ofprotons20 Number of electrons20 Number of neutrons20 Density at68? FBoiling point2,264?F Melting point1,562?F Calcium was discovered by SirHumphrey Davis in 1808. Calcium is a mineral found in abundance in the Earthsouter crust. It is the fifth most abundant mineral in the Earth crust. Calciumis considered a major mineral because it is found in large quantity in the body. Milk also has a high amount of calcium and it is the best way to get calcium. Daily dietary requirements exceed over 100 mg. Calcium forms and maintainsteeth, it helps with blood clotting, it helps build cell membranes, helpscontract muscles, helps nerve transmissions and if the bones did not get calciumthey would not grow properly. Plants also need calcium to grow because withoutand adequate supply of calcium to enrich the soil they would die. Calcium isnever found as a pure element in nature. It is found as calcium hydroxide,calcium oxide (also know as lime(lime stone)), chalk, Iceland spar, coral,pearls, egg shells and calcium carbonate which makes up marble and gypsum. Limestone and marble are used for buildings and building. Gypsum is found inplaster, when in crystal form it is called alabaster which is used by sculptorsto carve, it is also found in cement.

Modernity and the Notions of Public Interest free essay sample

This paper examines the meaning of modernity and the relations between the notions of public interest, ethics and law. By giving an example that raises this issue further, the realm of morality, professional ethics and law is discussed and whether their spheres of jurisdiction would overlap. It also explores the meanings and definitions of the key terms that are of most concern for this topic, and how they relate or differ from each other. A Singaporean example is also shown as evidence to support the discussion. Finally, a counter argument is provided with a reasonable response that follows with this argument. While scholars and philosophers have defined modernity in different ways, the emergence of modernity is also a very important aspect of the term. Before modernity came into prominence, there were the Renaissance and the Enlightenment. â€Å"The essence of modernity can be seen in humanity’s freeing itself from the bonds of the Middle Ages in that it frees itself to itself† (Heidegger, Young, amp; Haynes, 2002). We will write a custom essay sample on Modernity and the Notions of Public Interest or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Modernity refers to human beings starting to rationalize and think for themselves, rather than the traditional way of living life by the rules and teachings of their religion. In simpler terms, it is a shift from religious beliefs to scientific knowledge, as in man thinking by his own free will for himself. The stronghold of the Christian church decreased over the people and science began to be more accepted. The criticism of modernity is that it actually imprisons rather than liberates. Modernity gives rise to people’s opinion and free speech. Therefore, with free speech, restrictions are put into place to protect the freedom of the public. The term modernization refers to the increasing use of science and new technologies, and the political, social and cultural changes that followed through from these developments of modernization (Mann, 2010). Hence modern society is considered modern because of rapid change which is the essence of modern society (Nester, 2010). Today’s society and way of thinking all flourished from modernity. The use of science and technology, the need to understand all things in life through scientific study and experimentation are all traits of what makes modern society ‘modern. Therefore, it promotes a more rational, scientific worldview as religion, superstition and tradition lost their hold over everyday life. With modern thinking, public interest, ethics, law and so on, all of which were taking priority among people in their everyday life and also professionals so that everyone can live in harmony in a liberal democratic society. Public interest is what is justified toward the public which may be against some immediate individual person’s interest† (Downs, 1962). A general explanation for ethics would be that it is concerned with doing the right thing in a moral sense. Fieser (2001) described ethics as systematizing, defending and recommending concepts of right and wrong behaviour, while Spence (2005) said that it is a set of rules and virtues of character that guides interpersonal conduct (Breit, 2007). The Law is a set of rules for society, to protect people’s basic rights and freedoms and to treat them fairly (OrganizationOfAmericanStates, 2007). Certain situations that are of the public’s concern can also be an ethical and legal matter, such as illegal abortions. Abortions are illegal in most countries and even so, some women still require it for the sake of their own well-being. Thus, doctors have to face their own code of ethics in dealing with these issues. This matter is also of public interest because this issue has been an ongoing debate and the public are always concerned about it. In the Singapore context, the case of the ex-MOE scholar, Jonathan Wong having sexual relations with a minor makes a good example that raises this topic. The scholar from the Ministry of Education was at first charged with possessing child pornography in Britain which lead to investigations. The investigations then lead to reveal that he had sexual relations with an underage girl (Channel News Asia, 2012). Although the first charge in 2010 was not a public interest matter, the second charge this year provoked public interest. Aside from the illegality of the case, it sparked public interest due to him being a scholar with the public’s taxpayer money. The MOE’s code of ethics was considered for appointing this student for a scholar. So how do morality, professional ethics and law differ from each other? Morality is an individual’s own personal belief that differentiates right from wrong. It is an individual’s own personal character. Professional ethics is a standard or code of behaviour expected by a group to which the individual belongs to. Morality is a personal trait while ethics is more concerned in the field of profession. Law, however, is another different matter from both morality and professional ethics. But in some cases, their fields of jurisdiction do overlap with one another. In the course reader, Breit (2007) pointed out the ethical dilemma of a journalist on whether to report a story which is in the public interest. The ethical dilemma the journalist faced was due to the embargo of the news, whether to respect it or let the public know about the news immediately. There was also fear of getting sued for not respecting the embargo and for not fulfilling the duty as a journalist. These were the dilemmas that this journalist faced in which the different jurisdictions overlap with one another. Coming back to the example of the case of the ex-MOE scholar, it is illegal to have sex with a minor. This also led to public interest because he was a scholarship student of MOE by taxpayers’ money. Ethical issues were raised on the MOE’s side of the case for choosing this kind of person as their scholar and this reflects badly for the ministry. As for the opposing argument, â€Å"What reasons might be given for thinking that the disclosure of a person’s sexual misconduct serves the public interest? (Archard, 1998)† From the liberalism side of the argument, it states that neither society, government nor anyone else has the rightful authority to tell people what they do in the privacy of their own homes. Each person has rightful authority over how they conduct their own lives in private. Therefore the public does not need to know about all of the intimate details about the case. Although the counter argument is reasonable, the public should have the right to know about this issue because this person was accused for misusing the taxpayers’ money and dealt with actions of misconduct and broke the law in not one but two countries. The first charge was for possessing child pornography while he was studying in Britain and the second was for having sexual relations with a minor in Singapore. Modern thinking has lead to opinions on morality, ethics and law, as well as issues about public interest. Open critical discussions and evaluation of issues that arise from such issues given above is a crucial part of a healthy democracy. In a way, the standards of public interest, ethics and law in each country determines the modernity of the society.

Body of Stalin Removed From Lenins Tomb

Body of Stalin Removed From Lenins Tomb After his death in 1953, Soviet leader Joseph Stalins remains were embalmed and put on display next to Vladimir Lenin. Hundreds of thousands of people came to see the Generalissimo in the mausoleum. In 1961, just eight years later, the Soviet government ordered Stalins remains removed from the tomb. Why did the Soviet government change their mind? What happened to Stalins body after it was removed from Lenins tomb? Stalin's Death Joseph Stalin had been the despotic dictator of the Soviet Union for nearly 30 years. Though he is now considered responsible for the deaths of millions of his own people through famine and purges, when his death was announced to the people of the Soviet Union on March 6, 1953, many wept. Stalin had led them to victory in World War II. He had been their leader, the Father of the Peoples, the Supreme Commander, the Generalissimo. And now he was dead. Through a succession of bulletins, the Soviet people had been made aware that Stalin was gravely ill. At four in the morning of March 6, 1953, it was announced: [T]he heart of the comrade-in-arms and continuer of genius of Lenins cause, of the wise leader and teacher of the Communist Party and the Soviet Union, has ceased to beat.1 Joseph Stalin, 73 years of age, had suffered a cerebral hemorrhage and died at 9:50 p.m. on March 5, 1953. Temporary Display Stalins body was washed by a nurse and then carried via a white car to the Kremlin mortuary. There, an autopsy was performed. After the autopsy was completed, Stalins body was given to the embalmers to prepare it for the three days it would lay-in-state. Stalins body was placed on temporary display in the Hall of Columns. Thousands of people lined up in the snow to see it. The crowds were so dense and chaotic outside that some people were trampled underfoot, others rammed against traffic lights, and some others choked to death. It is estimated that 500 people lost their lives while trying to get a glimpse of Stalins corpse. On March 9, nine pallbearers carried the coffin from the Hall of Columns onto a gun carriage. The body was then ceremoniously taken to Lenins tomb on the Red Square in Moscow. Only three speeches were made - one by Georgy Malenkov, another by Lavrenty Beria, and the third by Vyacheslav Molotov. Then, covered in black and red silk, Stalins coffin was carried into the tomb. At noon, throughout the Soviet Union, came a loud roar - whistles, bells, guns, and sirens were blown in honor of Stalin. Preparation for Eternity Though Stalins body had been embalmed, it was only prepared for the three-day lying-in-state. It was going to take much more preparation to make the body seem unchanged for generations. When Lenin died in 1924, Professor Vorobyev had done the embalming. It was a complicated process that resulted in an electric pump being installed inside Lenins body to maintain a constant humidity.2 When Stalin died in 1953, Professor Vorobyev had already passed away. Thus, the job of embalming Stalin went to Professor Vorobyevs assistant, Professor Zharsky. The embalming process took several months. In November 1953, seven months after Stalins death, Lenins  tomb was reopened. Stalin was placed inside the tomb, in an open coffin, under glass, near the body of Lenin.   Secretly Removing Stalin's Body Stalin had been a dictator and a tyrant. Yet he presented himself as the Father of Peoples, a wise leader, and the continuer of Lenins cause. After his death, people began to acknowledge that he was responsible for the deaths of millions of their own countrymen. Nikita Khrushchev, first secretary of the Communist Party (1953-1964) and premier of the Soviet Union (1958-1964), spearheaded this movement against the false memory of Stalin. Khrushchevs policies became known as de-Stalinization. On February 24-25, 1956, three years after Stalins death, Khrushchev gave a speech at the Twentieth Party Congress that crushed the aura of greatness that had surrounded Stalin. In this Secret Speech, Khrushchev revealed many of the horrible atrocities committed by Stalin. Five years later, it was time to physically remove Stalin from a place of honor. At the Twenty-second Party Congress in October 1961, an old, devoted Bolshevik woman, Dora Abramovna Lazurkina stood up and said: My heart is always full of Lenin. Comrades, I could survive the most difficult moments only because I carried Lenin in my heart, and always consulted him on what to do. Yesterday I consulted him. He was standing there before me as if he were alive, and he said: It is unpleasant to be next to Stalin, who did so much harm to the party.This speech had been pre-planned yet it was still very effective. Khrushchev followed by reading a decree ordering the removal of Stalins remains. The further retention in the mausoleum of the sarcophagus with the bier of J. V. Stalin shall be recognized as inappropriate since the A few days later, Stalins body was quietly removed from the mausoleum. There were no ceremonies and no fanfare. About 300 feet from the mausoleum, Stalins body was buried near other minor leaders of the Russian Revolution. Stalins body was placed near the Kremlin wall, half-hidden by trees. A few weeks later, a simple dark granite stone marked the grave with the very simple, J. V. STALIN 1879-1953. In 1970, a small bust was added to the grave. Notes As quoted in Robert Payne,  The Rise and Fall of Stalin  (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1965) 682.Georges Bortoli,  The Death of Stalin  (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1975) 171.Dora Lazurkina as quoted in  Rise and Fall 712-713.Nikita Khrushchev as quoted in  Ibid  713. Sources: Bortoli, Georges.  The Death of Stalin. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1975.Hingley, Ronald.  Joseph Stalin: Man and Legend. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1974.Hyde, H. Montgomery.  Stalin: The History of a Dictator. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1971.Payne, Robert.  The Rise and Fall of Stalin. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1965.

A Collection of Anthropology Definitions

A Collection of Anthropology Definitions The study of anthropology is the study of human beings: their culture, their behavior, their beliefs, their ways of surviving. Here is a collection of other definitions of anthropology from anthropologists and other dedicated to defining and describing what Alexander Pope (1688–1744) called the proper study of mankind- man. Anthropology Definitions Anthropology is less a subject matter than a bond between subject matters. It is part history, part literature; in part natural science, part social science; it strives to study men both from within and without; it represents both a manner of looking at man and a vision of man- the most scientific of the humanities, the most humanist of sciences.- Eric Wolf, Anthropology, 1964. Anthropology has traditionally attempted to stake out a compromise position on this central issue by regarding itself as both the most scientific of the humanities and the most humanistic of the sciences. That compromise has always looked peculiar to those outside anthropology  but today it looks increasingly precarious to those within the discipline.- James William Lett. 1997. Science Reason and Anthropology: The Principles of Rational Inquiry. Rowman and Littlefield, 1997. Anthropology is the study of humankind. Of all the disciplines that examine aspects of human existence and accomplishments, only Anthropology explores the entire panorama of the human experience from human origins to contemporary forms of culture and social life.- University of Florida Anthropology is Answering Questions Anthropologists attempt to answer the question: how can one explain the diversity of human cultures that are currently found on earth and how have they evolved? Given that we will have to change rather rapidly within the next generation or two this is a very pertinent question for anthropologists.- Michael Scullin Anthropology is the study of human diversity around the world. Anthropologists look at cross-cultural differences in social institutions, cultural beliefs, and communication styles. They often seek to promote understanding between groups by translating each culture to the other, for instance by spelling out common, taken-for-granted assumptions.- University of North Texas Anthropology seeks to uncover principles of behavior that apply to all human communities. To an anthropologist, diversity itself- seen in body shapes and sizes, customs, clothing, speech, religion, and worldview- provides a frame of reference for understanding any single aspect of life in any given community.- American Anthropological Association Anthropology is the study of people. In this discipline, people are considered in all their biological and cultural diversities, in the present as well as in the prehistoric past, and wherever people have existed. Students are introduced to the interaction between people and their environments to develop an appreciation of human adaptations past and present.-   Portland Community College Anthropology explores what it means to be human. Anthropology is the scientific study of humankind in all the cultures of the world, both past and present.- Western Washington University The Human Experience of Anthropology Anthropology is the study of humans in all areas and in all periods of time.- Triton College Anthropology is the only discipline that can access evidence about the entire human experience on this planet.- Michael Brian Schiffer Anthropology is the study of human culture and biology in the past and present. - Western Kentucky University Anthropology is, at once, both easy to define and difficult to describe; its subject matter is both exotic (marriage practices among Australian aborigines) and commonplace (the structure of the human hand); its focus both sweeping and microscopic. Anthropologists may study the language of a tribe of Brazilian Native Americans, the social life of apes in an African rain forest, or the remains of a long-vanished civilization in their own backyard- but there is always a common thread linking these vastly different projects, and always the common goal of advancing our understanding of who we are and how we came to be that way. In a sense, we all do anthropology because it is rooted in a universal human characteristic- curiosity about ourselves and other people, living and dead, here and across the globe.- University of Louisville Anthropology is devoted to the study of human beings and human societies as they exist across time and space. It is distinct from other social sciences in that it gives central attention to the full-time span of human history, and to the full range of human societies and cultures, including those located in historically marginalized parts of the world. It is therefore especially attuned to questions of social, cultural, and biological diversity, to issues of power, identity, and inequality, and to the understanding of dynamic processes of social, historical, ecological, and biological change over time.- Stanford University Anthropology is the most humanistic of the sciences and the most scientific of the humanities. - Attributed to A.L. Kroeber The Jam in the Sandwich Culture is the jam in the sandwich of anthropology. It is all-pervasive. It is used to distinguish humans from apes (everything that man does that the monkeys do not (Lord Ragland)) and to characterize evolutionarily derived behaviors in both living apes and humans. It is often both the explanation of what it is that has made human evolution different and what it is that it is necessary to explain... It exists in the heads of humans and is manifested in the products of actions. ... [C]ulture is seen by some as the equivalent of the gene, and hence a particulate unit (the meme) that can be added together in endless permutations and combinations, while to others it is as a large and indivisible whole that it takes on its significance.   In other words, culture is everything to anthropology, and it could be argued that in the process it has also become nothing.- Robert Foley and Marta Mirazon Lahr. 2003. On Stony Ground: Lithic Technology, Human Evolution, and the Emergence of Culture. Evolutionary Archaeology 12:109-122.   Anthropologists and their informants are inextricably bound together in producing an ethnographic text that integrates the impact of their unique personalities, their social incongruities, and their dreams.- Moishe Shokeid, 1997. Negotiating Multiple Viewpoints: The cook, the native, the publisher, and the ethnographic text. Current Anthropology 38(4):638.

Analysis Music Project Chopin Nocturne Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis Music Project Chopin Nocturne - Essay Example â€Å"Music is what feelings sound like,† this quotation from an unknown author says it all. Just as Gustav Mahler once said, â€Å"If a composer could say what he had to say in words he would not bother trying to say it in music.† One of the most distinguished composers of the 19th century is Frà ©dà ©ric Chopin. Chopin was a Polish composer and virtuoso pianist, and is considered by many as the epitome of the Romantic style in classical music. Regarded as a child prodigy pianist, I look up to him, as my model and inspiration, since I too, play the piano. Chopin’s works are masterpieces and mainstays of the Romanticism in the 19th century. One of the major innovations in forms of music that he was responsible for is the nocturne. The nocturne is basically a work of art dealing with evening or night, usually a dreamy pensive piano composition. Having written 21 of these, Chopin’s nocturnes are written in a somewhat melancholy style, with an expressive dreamy melody, over broken-chord accompaniment. The major of Chopin’s nocturnes adopt a simple A-B-A form, wherein the A part is usually in a dreamy style, and the B style is a part of a more dramatic content. Considering the melody, harmony, and originality of piano style, Chopin’s nocturnes leave other composers behind, although his style is very much similar with Bellini’s cavatina.

Potassium Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Potassium - Essay Example Hyperkalemia is the increased serum levels of potassium in excess of 5mg/100 ml. Potassium is critical for the functionality of the heart, muscles and nerves, thus an increased level of potassium would result in muscle weakness, oliguria, respiratory distress, decreased contractility of the heart and hyperreflexia or flaccidity of the skeletal muscles. Hyperkalemia is caused by dysfunction of the kidney, adrenal gland disease or cell shift of potassium, from cells to blood circulation. Hypokalemia is the low concentration of potassium in the blood; less than 3.5mg/100ml. Hypokalemia is caused by insufficient dietary consumption of potassium, gastrointestinal fluid loss and urinary loss especially when one is on diuretics. Hypokalemia presents with signs and symptoms of muscle weakness, abnormal heart rhythms, tremor, flaccid paralysis hyporeflexia and constipation (Jung et al., 2009). A nurse must be very vigilant in monitoring for signs of hyperkalemia and hypokalemia to enhance early management of the condition. This would include the action of the nurse to periodically monitor vital signs, heart rhythm, cardiovascular status and the abdomen for signs of distention, bowel sounds and pain. The nurse would then notify the physician of the abnormal findings that are an indication of either hyperkalemia or hypokalemia. The physician would the order appropriate medication for the treatment of the condition. During the course of management, the nurse would engage the patient and the family on health education in relation to the condition as a means of preventing reoccurrence of the condition (Porth, 2011). Alderman, M. H., Piller, L. B., Ford, C. E., Probstfield, J. L., Oparil, S., Cushman, W. C., †¦ Davis, B. R. (2012). Clinical significance of incident hypokalemia and hyperkalemia in treated hypertensive patients in the antihypertensive and lipid-lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial. Hypertension, 59,

Influences on F. Scott Fitzgeralds writing in The Great Gatsby Essay Example for Free

Influences on F. Scott Fitzgeralds writing in The Great Gatsby Essay The Roaring Twenties was a period of frivolous days and exciting nights. Times were prosperous and life was good for most. In The Great Gatsby, published in 1925, F. Scott Fitzgerald writes about the fictitious life of Jay Gatsby, a self-made millionaire (Gross 1). The setting of the novel is New York in the twenties, a time, and place, where people were jovial and carefree. In New York, more than anywhere, people did not worry about lifes downs, but focused on the highlife and partying. Prohibition made partying difficult, but it prevailed nonetheless. In the novel, Fitzgeralds description of humans was of an appalling nature. He shows them as careless, greedy, and inconsiderate; much like they truly were in this decade. Inevitably he would become involved in some type of lackadaisical ways. Fitzgeralds writings were significantly influenced by these surroundings. In The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgeralds writing was profoundly influenced by events in his life, the exciting times he lived in, and the people he knew. Born on September 24, 1986 to a wealthy merchant family, Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald showed signs of an exemplary writing ability (Dyson, 1380). As a small boy, Fitzgerald began writing down his thoughts and ideas. He frequently wrote about his life. While in school, Fitzgerald was very self-criticizing and did not have many friends. He was not very popular at school, although he greatly wanted to be. Just like Fitzgerald, Gatsby did not like who he was, so he decided to change himself. In the novel, Gatsby has a list of things he wants to change about himself. He called them his General Resolves and they were: No wasting time at Shafters, no more smoking or chewing, bath every other day, read one improving book or magazine per week, save $3.00 per week, and be better to his parents (Fitzgerald 182). As Fitzgerald grew, so did his attitude towards life. He kept writing. Fitzgerald attended Princeton, but quit shortly after he began (Young Adult Authors 58). Fitzgerald, like Gatsby, wanted to live and adventure. Soon after the war started, Fitzgerald signed up hoping to have the adventure of his life. He only got as far as the coastline. Fitzgerald, unlike Gatsby was not sent to the war, so he married Zelda Sayre (Hickey 345). In The Great Gatsby, Gatsby lost his love  because he had to fight in the war. Fitzgerald was writing in comparison to his own life, or what might have been if he had been sent off to fight in the war. Since Fitzgerald was not sent to war, and he had to make a living somehow, he began writing for small papers. He and Zelda settled down and had children. His life was now beginning to feel right. In 1922, Fitzgerald came upon the idea for The Great Gatsby. Shortly after his arrival in France, Fitzgerald completed the most brilliant novel he would ever write. Richard Lehan said, Fitzgerald was in position to write a master work like The Great Gatsby everything in his life had been building toward this moment (Lehan 2). Fitzgeralds life, like Gatsbys, had become a series of exciting parties and rich lifestyles. Barry Gross described Fitzgeralds life like this: Fitzgerald was conscious about his social position because his parents had a hard time coming up with money for support. He was always trying to impress people by his estate. His parents were not that wealthy either, so he took his own route to achieve happiness. (Gross 18) In the 1920s, the paparazzi were aware of his eccentric lifestyle. Gatsbys life was just as daring and glamorous as his. Fitzgerald did some illegal activities such as drinking, and forging bonds. Gatsby was also involved in bond forgery and prohibition rebellions. For Fitzgerald, life was better than it had ever been, but to his great dismay it would not last. The key reality in his life was that between his twenty-eighth and thirty-fourth year, he wasnt able to write a new novel. Fitzgerald began drinking and stopped writing. His wife Zelda began having serious mental problems, which dramatically affected Fitzgerald. He very much loved his wife, just as Gatsby loved Daisy. Fitzgerald was a dreamer. He though everything would turn out fine, just as Gatsby had, but he was wrong and had to recompense for it in the end. The roaring twenties was a time of parties, and socializing. Times were prosperous and people just wanted to enjoy themselves. Since the war was over, soldiers were back at home, working and taking care of their families. There was a sense of rebellion in America at this time. The rich were lazy  and slapdash, which, in The Great Gatsby, was portrayed by their very shoddy driving abilities. Times were excellent, for most, and people were beginning to just have a good time. Many people were so rich they had no need to work, so they had to occupy themselves with other things. Prohibition began in 1919 (Moss, Wilson 148). People did not like the idea though, so they started revolting the law. Gangsters would get liquor and other kinds of alcohol to people who wanted it, but for a price. In The Great Gatsby, Gatsby is involved in these illegal activities. Gatsby always had alcohol at his parties. His wealth gave him things that normal people couldnt have. He invited hundreds of guests to his parties, and most of them got extremely intoxicated before the night was over. The female crowds at Gatsbys parties show how women really dressed and acted in the twenties. Bobbed hair, short dresses, bright red lipstick, and long strands of pearls with a knot tied in them were female fads of the elite citizens. Jordan Baker personified women of the 1920s with her independent and proud attitude towards life (Moss, Wilson 147). Independence was a major influence in the twenties, not just for women, but for men also. The American dream had three key parts. The first was that America was a new Eden with endless opportunity. The second idea was that everyone born in America should expect life to get better and better. The last, and most important, was to be an independent, self-reliant individual and you would triumph over all. In the conclusion of The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald connects Gatsbys dream, his platonic conception of himself with the American Dream (Mizener 2). Gatsby believed that everything would work out fine, and that he would get Daisy soon enough. Gatsbys dreams were never realized though. He never ran off with Daisy, and he was killed by mistaken identity. In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald shows how the American dream faded out during the later part of the decade. The valley of ashes,= where Myrtle lived played an important role in explaining this to the readers. Dr. J. T. Eckleburgs eyes faded away as the novel went on, symbolizing the debasement of the American Dream. In The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald makes several allusions to how he came up with the characters. Fitzgerald shows, in many ways, how he modeled Gatsby after his own life and the things that happened to him. Gatsby and Fitzgerald both wanted to be something different. Fitzgerald had a hard time  making friends while he was a child. When he began writing and getting recognition, his life changed. He was a partier, and had a wild lifestyle. Gatsby, like Fitzgerald, wanted to be someone different. He changed his name from James Gatz to Jay Gatsby. As Gatsby was a bootlegger and bond forger, so was Fitzgerald, though he was not as into it as Gatsby might have been. Fitzgeralds wife Zelda and Gatsbys love Daisy share many qualities also. Fitzgerald portrays Daisy as white in the novel, suggesting that is a faà §ade for who she truly is. The white she wears gives her a naà ¯ve and innocent appearance, but her impolite actions seem to prove otherwise. Fitzgerald described Daisy as the girl whose disembodied face floated along the dark corners and blinding signs (Moss, Wilson 150). The cover artwork of the novel shows an illustration of this idea. The floating relates that Gatsby always had Daisy floating in his mind, as well as Fitzgerald had Zelda floating in his. Both Zelda and Daisy were beautiful and demanded great things from their suitors. Another person that relates to one of Fitzgeralds characters was a man named Arnold Rothstein. In The Great Gatsby, Gatsby told Nick that Meyer Wolfshiem, a man Gatsby introduced to him, was the one who set up the World Series in 1919. Rothstein was said to have fixed the 1919 World Series. Arnold Rothstein placed bets to lose the series, and since they were playing against Cincinnati, they were going to win (Moss, Wilson 149). Jordan Baker, a tennis player that Nick fell in love with, relates to the whole of women in the twenties. She was loud, pushy, flashy, and had very short hair. In the 1920s, women discarded their old ways of life. They were no longer proper and silent. Women in the twenties were showy and loud. They wore short skirts and short hair. They smoked cigarettes in public and spit on the ground. Jordan Baker was the independent women of the 1920s personified. The Great Gatsby is tragedy of wealth, love, and frivolous pleasures. F. Scott Fitzgerald expressed most of what actually happened in the 1920s in this one novel. The illegal bootlegging, changing women, and happy times of the twenties are all described. Because Fitzgerald was alive in the twenties, he was able to live what he wrote about. He had personal experience with bootlegging and ostentatious women. Fitzgeralds life events also helped him write The Great Gatsby. His wanting to be different helped  him come up with the character Gatsby. Zelda, his wife, helped him come up with Daisy Buchanan, and people around him helped him shape other characters. In The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgeralds writing was profoundly influenced by dealings in his life, the exciting decade, and people he was around.

Sympathy, by Paul Laurence Dunbar: A Reflection of the African America

Sympathy, by Paul Laurence Dunbar: A Reflection of the African American's Struggle for Freedom I know what the caged bird feels, alas! When the sun is bright on the upland slopes; When the wind stirs soft through the springing grass, And the river flows like a stream of glass; When the first bud sings and the first bud opes, And the faint perfume from its chalice steals-- I know what the caged bird feels! "Sympathy" was written by Paul Laurence Dunbar in 1899, right at the end of the Nineteenth Century. It is a poem about the caged bird who wants to be free and tries, tries and tries again to break out of its cage. Each time, it is unable to break free and instead only injures itself, adding to injuries left over from past escapes. Dunbar depicts the bird's desperate and unsuccessful struggle for freedom and images of nature, that beckon outside. The first paragraph touches on the situation that black people faced at the turn of the century. Black people ahd recently been freed as slaves, but there was still no racial equality. The Supreme Court had recently upheld Plessy vs. Ferguson, which allowed "separate but equal." In reality, it gave the government and business license to discriminate against black people. In the 1890's, most blacks were reduced to holding poorly paid jobs, or being servants in people's homes. They were barred from most educational and economic opportunities enjoyed by whites. Dunbar uses the analogy of the caged bird and nature outside to the situation that black people faced in the 1890's. Blacks had been emancipated in 1863, but they did not achieve equality with white people for another century. Black people did not have the same opportunities as whites... ...e caged bird sings a pretty tune, not because it is happy with its situation, or out of a desire to please its owner, but to alert other birds to its plight and also to try to keep depression from overcoming it. Its only lifeline was its singing. During slavery, black people often sung, not because they loved being slaves, but because they were singing escape codes to other slaves and to hang on mentally, emotionally, and spiritually, that they would one day be set free. Paul Laurence Dunbar wrote this poem to illustrate the station in life for so many African Americans. It is clear that African Americans were "caged" in society at the turn of the century and wanted desperately to be seen as equal to whites. However, at the time this poem was written, black people had little hope of achieving that goal. That was a hypocrisy in the "Land of the Free."

Smart Car Analysis

TEAM CASE ASSIGNMENT-SMART CAR USA 1. IDENTIFY AT LEAST 3 BASES FOR SEGMENTING THE MARKET FOR SMART CAR IN THE US. PREPARE A MARKET-PRODUCT GRID ILLUSTRATING AT LEAST ONE OF THESE BASES. ? Geographic Segmentation: Larger cities that suffer from congestion ? Demographic Segmentation: Appeal to younger adults(Age), Affordability (Income) ? Behavioral Segmentation: Park-ability, Less fuel, environmental consciousness 2. What criteria should Smart Car use in assessing the attractiveness of potential market segments?Select the market segment that you think is the most attractive for Smart Car and discuss the considerations that led you to make that target market decision. ALTHOUGH THE CRITERIA OF COMPETITIVE POSITION CAN BE USED DUE TO THE LOW NUMBER OF COMPETITORS, THE EXPECTATION OF MARKET GROWTH WILL INFLUENCE COMPETITORS TO ENTER THE MARKET. THEREFORE, THE FIRST CRITERIA USED TO ASSESS THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF POTENTIAL MARKET SEGMENTS WOULD BE THE EXPECTED GROWTH. THE SIZE OF THE MARKET IN THE SEGMENT WILL CONTINUE TO GROW SIGNIFICANTLY.AMERICANS HAVE MANY REASONS TO START LOOKING TOWARDS SMALLER CARS; SOARING GAS PRICES, ECONOMIC DOWNTURN, CONGESTION, AIR POLLUTION AND PARKING LIMITATIONS/DIFFICULTY. ALSO, AS TECHNOLOGY ADVANCES SYSTEMS AND PRODUCTS SEEM TO GET SMALLER. THE KEY TO MARKET SUCCESS IS THE REALIZATION BY AMERICANS THAT SMART CAR CAN ADDRESS MANY FACTORS ENVIRONMENTALLY AND ECONOMICALLY. MANY CONSUMERS ARE NOT AWARE OF THE ASPECTS AND FEATURES OF SMART CAR. SMART CAR ENCOMPASSES INNOVATION, INTELLIGENCE, FUNCTIONALITY, FUEL EFFICIENCY AND MOST OF ALL SAFETY IN ITS SMALL DESIGN.IT IS ALSO MADE OUT OF RECYCLABLE MATERIALS TO BE ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIBLE. THE CAR CAN BE PARKED UNIQUELY IN AREAS THAT REGULAR SIZED CARS CANNOT HOLD. THE SMART CAR WILL BE A ‘TRENDSETTER’ FOR SMALL CARS. THE MARKET SEGMENT THAT THE SMART CAR WOULD MOST BE ATTRACTIVE TO IS THE MODERATE INCOME INDIVIDUALS, WHICH ARE USUALLY YOUNGER ADULTS. HOWEVER, WITH THE CURR ENT ECONOMIC CRISIS MANY INDIVIDUALS INCOME HAVE SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED. SMART CAR’S AFFORDABILITY WOULD APPEAL TO THOSE THAT WANT TO SAVE ON THE PURCHASE OF CAR WHICH WOULD ALSO LEAD TO FUEL COSTS SAVINGS.AS FUEL PRICES CONTINUE TO SOAR, THE MARKET FOR FUEL EFFICIENT SMALL CARS WILL INCREASE. THIS WAS EXEMPLIFIED THROUGH THE â€Å"CASH FOR CLUNKERS† CAMPAIGN BY THE GOVERNMENT IN WHICH MORE CONSUMERS LOOK TOWARD SMALL CARS TO SAVE ON GAS. SMART CAR IS FOR THOSE WHO WANT TO MAKE A STATEMENT ABOUT WHO THEY ARE THROUGH THE PRODUCT THAT THEY BUY. 3. HOW MIGHT SMART CAR USE SEGMENTATION FOR POSITIONING PURPOSES? BASED ON SEGMENT YOU SELECTED, CREATE A POSITIONING STATEMENT FOR SMART CAR IN THE U. S. DISCUSS YOUR POSITIONING STATEMENT IN TERMS OF RELEVANCE TO THE TARGET MARKET TOWARDS WHICH THE STATEMENT IS WRITTEN.Product positioning refers to the place in consumers’ minds that an offering occupies important attributes relative to competitive products. A marketing m anager can use product positioning to change the way in the future, the position of the product in consumers’ minds. Segmentation can be used by smart car for positioning purposes by using differentiation positioning which involves seeking a less competitive, smaller market niche in which to locate a brand. Smart car should use demographics segmentation in order to accomplish desired results.Smart cars are less expensive and smaller than regular cars as a result, it appeals to the younger generation as can be seen in the grid above. This is so because, they have lower income, they travel to the city more frequently and therefore needs the convenience of smart car. Smart Car Positioning Statement For educated consumers who desire an easy commute in heavy traffic, easier parking and hassle free driving experience. Smart Car is an affordable automobile that is fuel efficient and the best in safety and convenience.This focuses smart car’s marketing strategy, and will lead them to keep improving technology that will continue to keep the target market interested such as; iPod and blue tooth capability in the cars. They will also continue to ensure that their competitors do not succeed in making smaller or more fuel efficient cars than theirs. 4. Assuming the target market that you selected, create a perceptual map for Smart Car and its primary competitors. Discuss any present opportunities, and Smart Car’s ability/inability to meet those needs. [pic]SMART CAR HAS THE ABILITY TO REACH A NICHE MARKET THAT HASN’T BEEN EXHAUSTED. THE U. S. MARKET HAS NOT BEEN OVERLY FRIENDLY TO ULTRA-EFFICIENT VEHICLES IN RECENT YEARS, BUT THAT HAS BEEN SLOWLY CHANGING AS GAS PRICES HAVE INCREASED. BECAUSE OF THE INCREASE AMERICAN DRIVERS ARE READY FOR SMALL, EFFICIENT AND DISTINCTIVE CARS. PREVIOUS SUBCOMPACTS HAVE CARRIED FUEL ECONOMY OVER INTO DESIGN ECONOMY, RESULTING IN DRAB, GENERIC CARS. THIS CUSTOMIZABLE CAR IS A SMALL, TWO-PERSON VEHICLE THAT WILL AP PEAL TO A YOUNGER AUDIENCE WHOSE CONCERNS ARE GEARED AROUND LESS INCOME.INDIVIDUALS WHO WOULD LIKE TO SAVE ON TIME, FUEL AND MAINTENANCE WILL BENEFIT FROM THIS VEHICLE. OVERALL, THE FORTWO IS PROBABLY THE MOST FUEL-EFFICIENT FOUR-WHEELED VEHICLE WITH A CONVENTIONAL GASOLINE ENGINE ON THE MARKET. HOWEVER, IT CAN'T CURRENTLY COMPARE TO THE MPG NUMBERS OF A HYBRID, AND IT IS MORE EXPENSIVE THAN JUST ABOUT ANY OTHER SUBCOMPACT AVAILABLE TODAY, BUT IT HAS A DISTINCTIVE, ATTENTION-GRABBING DESIGN AND IS CERTAINLY EASIER TO PARK THAN ANYTHING EXCEPT A MOTORCYCLE. 5. AT PRESENT, THE US MARKET FOR SMART CAR IS RELATIVELY SMALL, BUT GROWING.WHAT MARKETING MIX RECOMMENDATIONS COULD BE USED TO SIGNIFICANTLY EXPAND THIS MARKET? KEEP THE CURRENT ECONOMIC CLIMATE AND MINDSET IN MIND WHEN PROVIDING YOUR RECOMMENDATIONS. PRODUCT: SMART CAR COULD ENHANCE THE FEATURES BY ADDING BLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGY AND GPS TRACKING. THE ENHANCEMENTS TO THE PRODUCT WOULD GENERALLY BE IN THE FIELD OF INNOVATION; TECHNOL OGY IMPROVEMENTS. KEEP FORWARD THINKING IN MIND AS IT HAS TODAY; ELECTRIC VEHICLES AND ENERGY EFFICIENT MODELING. PRICE: DUE TO THE ECONOMIC CLIMATE SMART CAR SHOULD KEEP THEIR CAR MODERATELY PRICED AS IT IS NOW STARTING AT $11,990.THE PRICING STRATEGY IS BEST ADDRESSED THAT IT SUITS THE NEEDS OF  ITS TARGET MARKET AND ALSO COST EFFECTIVENESS. PROMOTION: PRE- PUBLICITY SUCH AS TEST DRIVES AND MOTORING REVIEWS AS A PROMOTION ACTIVITY, GENERATES SUFFICIENT CONSUMER CURIOSITY IN THE PURCHASE OF SMART CARS. VIA THIS MEANS, OTHER INDIVIDUALS-SUCH AS JOURNALISTS, ARE GIVEN OPPORTUNITY TO ASSESS THE MERITS OF SMART CAR PRODUCT BEFORE BUYING THE SMART CAR OF AMERICA. SAMPLING OF SMART CARS IN STREETS AND ALSO USING IT FOR CAMPAIGNS IS A GOOD ABILITY TO CAPTURE BUYERS.ADVERTISING THE AFFORDABILITY AND THE FUEL COST SAVINGS WOULD FIT INTO THE CURRENT ECONOMIC CLIMATE. DISPLAY MODELS IN AIRPORTS, MALLS OR OTHER HIGH TRAFFIC AREAS. FORM ALLIANCES WITH COMPANIES LIKE HERTZ, BUDGET OR ENTERPRIS E TO GIVE PEOPLE THE OPPORTUNITY TO DRIVE THE CAR AND EXPERIENCE THE DIFFERENCE WHICH MAY INFLUENCE CONSUMERS TO BUY FOR EVER DAY USE. PLACE: THE PRODUCT IS BEEN DISPLAYED IN PLACES WERE CUSTOMERS LIVE AND WORK. OPEN MORE DEALERSHIPS AROUND THE CITY IN THE MODERATE INCOME NEIGHBORHOODS. ———————– [pic]

Ethical Lens Essay

During the Ethical Lens Inventory exercise that I did, I learned that I do not really have a personal preferred ethical lens. I see the gifts and the weaknesses of each lens and I am able to move fluidly among them to adapt the right tools to each situation to assure the best outcome. I am able to use my reasoning skills to determine my duties, as well as the universal rules and the systems that will assure fairness and justice for everyone. I also listen to my intuition to determine the greatest good for each individual, as well as the virtues that will best serve the community. I have either a mature ability to use the right tools in a given situation or a paralyzed belief that everyone has a valid point. Although each of us has preferred lens, some who are ethically mature and able to use the tools of all the lenses, adapting them as appropriate in a given situation, test in the center of the grid. Others who test in the center of the grid actually have underdeveloped ethical skills. Those without skills tend to be paralyzed by their ability to see all sides and are too desperate to please everyone. I personally think I do more of the being desperate to please everyone than the not being able to see all sides of the situation. I was able to get this information from the exercise I did at: http://www. ethicsgame. com/Exec/Eli/EthicalLensResults. aspx? R=1 My Core Values are: Autonomy, Equality, Rationality and Sensibility. I value autonomy and equality equally and I value rationality and sensibility equally. My Classic Values are: Temperance, Prudence, Justice and Fortitude. I am able to manifest all four classic virtues depending on what the circumstances require. My Key Phrase is: â€Å"I make ethical choices for myself and others. † I am able to see myself and others clearly, therefore I do not make assumptions about why people act the way they do or how things should be done. My Definition of Ethical Behavior is: Doing the Right Thing. I tend to hold this high standard for myself but I do not judge others who fall short, so long as their intentions were honorable. My Tools for Analyzing Problems are: Reason, Experience, Authority and Tradition. I am comfortable using all available tools to analyze a problem. These can include critical thinking skills, reference to experts, my own past experience and the traditions of the community. My Gift to the community is balance among all four lenses, because I can see the benefits of each of the lenses and I can use the tools of all of them. The mature expression of this position has no blind spot. I am able to see both the strengths and the weaknesses of each lens and to harmonize the four core values of autonomy, equality, rationality and sensibility. Discernment comes with ethical maturity and provides direction in specific situations. My Risk is: Inaction. I run the risk of seeing everything and deciding nothing if I am not self-aware. As one who sees the legitimacy of everyone’s point of view, I am particularly prone to delay or outright inaction. My Temptation is: Superiority. Believing that my balanced vantage point gives me a superior ability to resolve ethical dilemmas, I may convince myself that I have all the answers and do not need any input from others. My Vice is: Insistence on Agreement. By insisting that everyone validate all points of view as I do before moving forward, I become tyrannical and may actually provoke dissenters into sabotaging the process as the only way they feel they can maintain the integrity of their different viewpoint. My Crisis is: Confusion. Unless I develop the practice of mindfulness and reflection, at some point I will become confused and find that I have lost my moral compass. The downside of being able to see everyone else’s perspective is that I can lose track of my own. My Seeing Clearly is: Listen to my heart; use my head; act with confidence. To see more clearly, I need to first consider the nature of the problem. Then I need to use both my head and my heart to discern which course of action will best manifest interdependence. Once I have assessed the ramifications of the various options, I will need to act with confidence and courage. Although there may be more than one way to resolve a problem, some actually are better than others. I think I could use my personal ethics to determine a course of action by knowing how I feel about the situation along with all the circumstances involving the situation.

Editing Paper Term

Editing Paper Term Editing Paper Term Editing Paper Term: What Is It? Have you ever wondering what is editing? Imagine you are writer. You full of ideas and great numbers of exciting plots are there in your head. However, great writer skills will be needed to edit it any way you like. Afterwords you show it to one of our qualify member who tell you what needs to be done. You agree with that and send it off to them, for them to edit and revise some parts. You also need to provide details of what needs to be edited for you to meet your requirements, as you and the writer may have different visions. Editing Paper Term: Checking. When you started to work, you have already done part of your paper term, you should check it. There must be some mistakes. If you are tired and have no efforts to do it, you should use editing paper term service. They know how to cope with difficulties. We were students too and we both know what it feels like to write easy term paper topics when you do not understand meaning and you cannot c atch the main idea. Yes, it is very unpleasant thing to realize that there are such topics you are not competent. And here you recall each brilliant situation when you enjoyed yours dedication to the issue. All your friends and all witnesses of such situations were proud of you. You impressed them by your intelligence and a huge experience. Pleasant feelings and emotions, do not they? However, difficulties occur. Thus is an inescapable fact. Editing Paper Term: AdvicesCheck the realness of facts you are describing Check the size and correct academia style Try to avoid abbreviates Try to express your thought clearlyTerm Paper Editing Help If you need professional help with term paper editing, we are ready to help you! Our team consists of experienced term paper writers and editors, who are able to impress you with exceptional work and immediate results! We do not compromise on quality, and there is no room for plagiarism! You will be satisfied with our term paper editing h elp. If not we will give your money back! From grammar to formatting, from additional quotations to overall flow, no stone will be left unturned! Our term paper editors are responsible, trained, and experienced. There is no assignment we cannot handle. Every term paper we work on becomes a masterpiece of written word!

5 Ways to Repair Misused Em Dashes

5 Ways to Repair Misused Em Dashes 5 Ways to Repair Misused Em Dashes 5 Ways to Repair Misused Em Dashes By Mark Nichol Em dashes are handy little items for setting phrases apart for special attention, but be cautious when employing them, because when misused, they can obscure rather than assist in comprehension: 1. â€Å"For the most part, this water comes from aquifers that’s groundwater or from surface waters that is, rivers and lakes.† When em dashes come in pairs, what lies between is a parenthetical digression that merits a more dramatic break than that indicated by a brace of commas or two parentheses. If the parenthetical phrase ends the sentence, however, only a single em dash is needed. But three or more em dashes in one sentence creates an ambivalence in the sentence structure. In this case, it’s better to use parentheses and to avoid mixing em dashes and parentheses for digressions of equal or parallel impact, use them for the second digression as well: â€Å"For the most part, this water comes from aquifers (that’s groundwater) or from surface waters (that is, rivers and lakes).† 2. â€Å"Her recent roles have shown her interest and her ability to go beyond the usual popular movie.† Be careful that when a phrase is parenthesized, what precedes and follows it is grammatically sound: â€Å"Her recent roles have shown her interest in going and her ability to go beyond the usual popular movie.† 3. â€Å"The collapses could play out in the seven states that rely on the Colorado River and its tributaries Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming as ever-increasing water use, ever-growing population and a changing climate shrink the flow.† If the parenthetical delineates a list or the parts of a whole, as here, the opening em dash should immediate follow the whole: â€Å"The collapses could play out in the seven states Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming that rely on the Colorado River and its tributaries as ever-increasing water use, ever-growing population and a changing climate shrink the flow.† (Otherwise, the sentence identifies the states as tributaries.) 4. â€Å"There may be a decrease in prices- but incomes are rising- so that outcome may not happen.† When you use an em dash, you should know what you’re getting yourself into. In this sentence, the writer meant to set off the entire second clause, not just the parenthetical, which is bereft without the phrase following the second em dash: â€Å"There may be a decrease in prices- but incomes are rising, so that outcome may not happen.† 5. â€Å"Maybe it’s just because no matter how many people have been through here the space remains the same, seemingly untouched by human hands.† By the same token, many sentences simply don’t merit even a single em dash there’s nothing to mark off for emphasis. Perhaps the writer meant to place the em dash in lieu of the comma after same, rather than the one following here, but commas suffice in both positions: â€Å"Maybe it’s just because no matter how many people have been through here, the space remains the same, seemingly untouched by human hands.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Contronyms (Words with Contradictory Meanings)15 Great Word GamesEducational vs. Educative

Ecosystem, Temperate Forests Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ecosystem, Temperate Forests - Essay Example The animals that live in this type of forest generally include squirrels, rabbits, skunks, birds, deer, mountain lion, bobcat, timber wolf, fox, bears, foxes and other wildcats although most of the larger predators have been killed off or displaced by the human population. The climate goes through well-defined seasonal changes, trending toward long warm summers, moderately cold winters and an evenly spread level of precipitation throughout the year, providing the trees and other plants with sufficient moisture year round for growth while not drowning them. This seasonal shift causes the trees to drop their leaves in the fall, becoming dormant in the winter, only waking in the spring with a new crop of fresh leaves. The process of dropping the old leaves in the fall results in the brilliantly colorful displays of reds, oranges and yellows that characterize this time of year. Many other plants in the temperate forest will also go dormant during the colder months of the year and many of the animals devote their summers preparing for a winter hibernation period. These types of trees require a high level of soil fertility to grow, requiring soils high in nutrients for the development of a new crop of leaves every year. The annual drop of leaves in the fall provide many of these nutrients as they begin to decay and the leaf litter covering the forest floor also serves to reduce the amount of runoff during spring rains, allowing more of the precious nutrients to remain where the tree roots can get them. Where the soil nutrients are reduced in areas such as the more weathered soils of the Southwest or the sandy soils of coastal plains, the trees are characterized by less showy species with narrower leaves or pines. Isolation of these forests leads to a prevalence of only a few types of tree species and a specialized set of characteristics among the animal-life, such as a dominance of black bears in one region and brown bears in another,

Anything about marine biology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Anything about marine biology - Essay Example nt manmade and natural calamities have caused serious damage to the coral reef structures and as a result many reef formations have been lost over the years. Hence environmentalists and especially those in the field of marine biology are relentlessly trying to put an end to the destruction of coral reefs (Weir, 2001; Shah, 2010; Skoloff, 2010 Skoloff, 2010). All corals have a simple basic structure which is referred to as a polyp that consists of three layers of tissue: an outer epidermis, an inner cell layer surrounding the gastrovascular cavity and a middle layer of mesoglea. The gastrovascular cavity opens only at one end which facilitates food intake by the organism and also waste products are expelled through the same. Corals also possess tentacles which project as extensions of the body wall in the regions surrounding the mouth which mainly help to capture and ingest food as well as a source of defense when needed. In addition to this the presence of a unique type of cell called the cnidocyte that includes organelles such as nematocysts secrete lethal toxins which are helpful in prey capture. Additionally most corals contain a symbiotic alga, zooxanthellea, within their gastrodermal cells and both the algae and the coral share a mutually beneficial relationship by supplying resources required for photosynthesis, organic products o f photosynthesis and facilitating waste removal. This mutual exchange is vital for coral productivity as well as limestone-secreting capacity of the coral reefs using the photosynthetic produce of the algae. In addition, the presence of the algae is responsible for the color of the polyp and if the algae are expelled by the corals, which may occur during periods of prolonged stress, the coral reefs become while in color, a process which is referred to as coral bleaching. Using the photosynthetic products released by the algae the corals produce calcium carbonate. Of the 6000 known species of anthozoans, stony corals make up the

Business Policy and Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Business Policy and Strategic Management - Essay Example At a time when people are struggling to pay their bills Starbuck $4 coffee appears to be a luxury in comparison to say, Dunkin’ Donuts $2 coffee. Secondly from section 1 we do not see Starbucks coming out as an organization with a strong strategy to tackle the competition that is increasing within its industry. Starbucks may be the leading coffee chain currently but the threat posed by its biggest competitors is very high. Firstly, its two main rivals are McDonalds and Dunkin’ Donuts. Within the United States, Dunkin’ Donuts is winning the battle for the no frills, cost-conscious coffee drinker and also the market segment tired of the ubiquity of Starbucks. In the global arena, McDonalds has more outlets than Starbucks and therefore poses a big threat abroad. Also we cannot fail to mention that McDonalds has $23.5 billion in revenue as compared to Starbucks’s $9.8 billion (Schwartz 1). This implies that McDonald could easily deploy more resources targete d towards pulling away consumers from Starbucks. Work cited Schwartz, Ariel. â€Å"Sustainability Faceoff: McDonald's vs. Starbucks.† Fast Company 17 May 2010. Web. 24 Mar. 2011. 

Play and Learning in Childrens Education

Play and Learning in Childrens Education Introduction Learning to play is necessary for a childs academic and emotional progress. Play can assist a child work out conditions in their surroundings, such as social activities in a group. Additionally, board games help to teach reading, rules, counting and other learning related skills. Block Building, Clay and other creative Hands on activities assists a child see how Things work. Several engineers started their Careers by playing with blocks. Task-1 1.1 Describe the development over time of theoretical approaches to play and learning Bandura take a very unusual approach to developmental psychology and confirmed that children learn progress from role models. Banduras approach is an expansion of behavioral theories which highlight the way we learn behavior from others, our surroundings, and experiences and so on and copy role models. They learn from brothers, sisters, sibling and friends. Banduras social learning theory personalized traditional learning theory which was stand on stimulus-response affairs. It believed learning to be no unusual among children, infants, adults, or yet animals. Banduras approach is leading in the cure of problem activities and disorders. Mary Ashworth developed the Attachment theory from Bowl by but she identified it ‘Strange situation. To learn theory researchers observed kids for 12-18 months and they observed to see how they responded when they were left alone and then reunited with their mothers. The attachment theory notifies us that a young child requires at least one affiliation with a primary care. This will assist the childs expressive and social development to raise and this happens over time. 1.2 Evaluate different philosophical approaches to play and learning Evaluation is a procedure used by before time childhood services to discover out about the quality of the program, the surroundings, the learning connections, and the results for children and families. Self-review is a figure of inner evaluation in which the service looks personally at itself and what it does, and applies what it finds out to place goals to develop quality. ERO provides outer evaluation of the superiority of services. Education evaluates are carried out frequently in all certified services. Reports verify what is going fine and make proposals for development. The most recent ERO report should be obtainable from the service, or can be examine on ERO’s website. 1.3 Discuss links between current influences on play and learning and the planning and provision of learning opportunities 1. Every child issue influences planning provision of learning opportunities The National Curriculum is the initial point for planning a school program that meets the definite needs of individuals and sets of pupils. This statutory enclosure statement on providing successful learning opportunities for all students outlines how teachers can transform, as needed, the National Curriculum programs of study to provide all students with relevant and properly challenging work at each enter stage. †¢Child care act 2006 controls planning and provision of learning opportunities This act states that untimely year’s providers have a task to execute the EYFS. Child care do this by gathering the learning and development necessities when doing their weekly scheduling and also conform with the welfare necessities. Child care act does this to make sure that it is very essential to follow rules and regulations to make sure that the children are at the right periods of development in life. †¢SEN code of practice 2002 influences planning and provision of learning opportunities Areas covered consist of the definition of particular educational requirements, parental liability and working affiliation with parents. The code moreover looks at: concerning pupils in evaluation and decision-making; stipulation in the early years; primary and secondary education; legal assessment of children under unavoidable school age; and the role of the unique educational requirements coordinator. Special educational needs: code of practice The SEN code does this to make sure that disability children do not neglect out on enter learning development and also to ensure that they do not feel gone out or frightened. †¢Equality act 2010 controls planning and provision of learning opportunities This act ensures that no one gets treated another way to anybody else this assists planning and provision because it ensures that staff have to ensure that when they plan a action or a lesson plan it is got to be able to engage everyone and ensure that it suits all person needs. 2. Inspectors found that where evaluation was underdeveloped; it tended to spotlight more on children’s benefit or their interests, rather than their education Self-evaluation and action planning was also often seen by childcare contributors as somewhat that had to be done for often rather than a way of improving result for children. Though, outcomes for children were no superior to acceptable in any of the contributors where self-evaluation was insufficient. Press release: A good start for the early years foundation stage, often ensure that it is seen to be significant to plan unusual types of learning prospects for the children as this assists to develop the children’s skillfulness in a variety of mode. 3. The curriculum structures like the EYFS control planning and provision of learning opportunities The term curriculum is applied to describe everything kids do, see, hear or feel in their setting, equally planned and unplanned. The Early Years Foundation Stage is the legal framework beside which providers of untimely education are moderated, and includes necessities for the provision of youthful children’s learning. Health Safety at work Act 1974 the Act imposes general duties on owners to secure the health, safety and wellbeing of people at work and protect others beside risks arising from the job activity. Task-2 2.1 Explain the use of observations to assess learning needs and consider how assessment based on observations can inform planning and respond to individual learning needs 2.2 Discuss how information from other agencies can contribute to the assessment of learning needs Children and families need support at assured times and there are many organizations and self help groups that can offer this support. Such as National association of toy and leisure libraries, National childbirth trust, Child poverty action group, Parent line plus, Home start, Gingerbread and contact a family etc. There are several different settings where children can be concerned for such as Holiday play schemes, Respite care, Schools, Parent and toddler groups, Workplace nurseries, Child minders, After school clubs, Pre-schools, Residential care, Day nurseries and crà ¨ches. Usually the major support group is inside the family group such as grandparents and aunties and uncles. There are four unusual types of sectors that grant care and education for children. They are, Statutory sector Voluntary sector Private sector. Independent A Statutory sector is a sector that has to be there by regulation, so local schools; dentist and hospitals are parts of this. Local schools have to be there by regulation and get some support by the Government. The age range that schools cover up is from five years to eleven years old; they follow a set schedule where reception faces the EYFS and then from year one to year six faces the countrywide curriculum. Schools are in simple access parts, where there is enough gaps for an outside play locale for example the playing field and inside space. A local school should also incorporate snacks; they should be strong snacks like vegetables and fruit. They should also incorporate toileting periods for the children. Statutory Schools are generally free excluding payment for school trips, school dinners, and some snacks. The aim of statutory sector school is to grant opportunities of education for all children and to support their education also making a harmless and secure environment for children to maintain them from harm. Another aim is to grant social opportunities for the kid this will incorporate learning to make friends, knowledge about socialize with people, learning the disparity between adults and kids and learning to value others. A Voluntary sector is a sector, which public volunteer to organize and run, so that Mother and toddler, Brownies and Preschool groups are a part of this. Mother and toddler groups are generally for kid’s age two to four years. The mother and toddler groups are generally opened from nine to eleven thirty in the morning or half one till three in the daylight. These kinds of organizations are generally placed in a church or society hall, which are not necessarily made for the use of children. The employees are generally parents themselves but the individual in charge of the organization should have a level three childcare qualification. The area in which the organization is located may not have an outside area for the kids to play out in, the organization should also follow the EYFS prospectus where kids will learn through play and the gap may also be often inspected. The major aim of a mother and toddler group is to grants short term care of little children to give a parent or care a little time to themselves and also to give little children motivation and also play and communal opportunities. Another major aim is to get children prepared for school or nursery. A Private sector is a sector where people disburse extra to try and get the finest of their childs learning or health and also their personal. They provide all breakfast, meals, dinner and tea with also snack; they moreover have sleep facilities, inside and outside play areas for kids to play in. The building may not be intentionally being built for the kids but will be adapted for the kids to grant their size facilities. All the members of employees will completely qualified, managers and room leaders must be at least level three or level two trained. They will also check the building and the employees to check if it is safe and also to ensure if they are subsequent EYSF curriculum. The aim of a private day kindergarten is to provide protected and secure environment for kids to keep them from injury for children in absence of parents or care and moreover to provide opportunities of learning for every child and to maintain their learning. Independent sectors are companies with more independence to organize their provision. Their services may not rely on Government funding and does not need to follow the EYFS or the National curriculum. Though the service may be OFSTED checked to ensure childrens welfare requirements are being met. Service of independent provision includes independent nurseries and schools. The multi-professional approach team is prepared up of a lot of unusual agencies; they are agencies including schools and teachers, hospitals and doctors, social workers, police and many supplementary. They all work jointly to help parents and kids to stop awful cases such as child abuse, death etc. Task-3 3.1 Explain how to plan curriculum activities which promote learning The E.Y.F emphasizes a personal and individual approach to learning; this is because all kids develop at their individual rate and learn in remarkable ways, come from unusual backgrounds whether communal or religious and therefore have unusual needs and interests. Sensitively children come in unusual packages, some children may seem self-sufficient and confident and Practitioner may be misled into judging that they do not need as a lot attention as the kids who express their sentiments regularly and through for Practitioner attention on a normal basis. This hypothesis would be wrong all children should be giving Practitioner individual attention, how else can Practitioner plan properly for their needs and welfares. The E.Y.F was introduced to include child-minders, pre-schools, after school societies and nurseries to deliver a program that includes personal, social and expressive development, expressive arts and design, physical expansion, literacy, communications and languages, math ematics and at last understanding of the world. The entire areas of learning are included into the exceptional child, affirmative relationships, facilitating environments and learning and development. Practitioner have also included the Welfare Requirements these are worldwide and all setting must meet up often guidelines in learning and caring for children. Scotland and Wales follow related guidelines but with their individual structure to incorporate cultural and learning theories believed to signify their individual countries interests and needs. The E.Y.F wants people as practitioner to perceive each child as exceptional. To do this Practitioner need to observe each kid and make observations so that Practitioner can see a sample of the child’s happiness and how they are rising to see if they are within their age and phase of development and if essential how to plan suitably to be able to see where they are contained by the developmental procedure. There are three sorts of planning: long Term, medium Term and short Term. 3.2 Assess the effectiveness of different approaches to planning learning opportunities 3.3 Consider methods of involving parents and other professionals in reviewing assessments and plans Multi professional approach permits professionals share understanding about a family requirements so that the parents do not have to ask the similar questions over and once more. The professionals are conscious of each other’s roles in sustaining the family so that incompatible advice can be minimized. It is necessary that each agency converses well and understands not only their role and tasks but the others agencies also. A multi-professional or multi-disciplinary team covers many aspects of team work and includes: Empathy seeing somewhat from another person’s point of vision Interpersonal expertise how to converse and respond to others, interface with parents, colleagues and children Reflectivity how reflective has it been, development activities, developments etc Interest focusing training, evaluate articles, maintain curiosity in the job etc Flexibility and frankness new thoughts and initiatives, latest government legislation, the modes children learn. Trustworthiness being added on at all times. Emotional solidity Not becoming too involved and sentiments clouding judgment. Communication is extremely important implement for practitioners and multi agency groups and it is imperative that they converse well. These includes, Notice boards Diary boards Letters Emails Phone calls Team meetings Written communication and a brief record of reports or meetings are also necessary. The practitioner ought to also assess their own learning and act. This can be done throughout ‘Professional progress and planning with the line manager and others practitioners. For illustration: Share cases of practitioner’s practice Get initiatives of other practices Visit other performances and observe, converse Ensure practitioners keep up to date with recent practices Reading articles in magazines, books, training etc Internal or external guidance Supplementary qualifications etc Observe children or observe other practitioners Planning child’s next steps Attempt new things Task-4 4.1 Analysis the key issues in ensuring that assessments are objective and valid The professionals are conscious of each other’s tasks in sustaining the family so that contradictory advice can be minimize. It is important that each agency corresponded well and realizes not only their role and everyday jobs but the others agencies too. Parents or guardians are the most essential people in a kid’s life, and recognize the value of this. Practitioner has a conscientious role that involves sharing concern of the child with parents or guardians; listen to parents or guardians, as they are the ‘specialist’ on their child. Partnerships with new agencies help children. For example, speech and language analysts for children with language and hearing complexities. This could include sign language or English as a succeeding language. Bereavement management play counselor, educational psychologist to evaluate behavioral needs and get about positive behavior in a kid. Sensory injury such as limited vision, hearing disorder or speech problems. This is to make sure that all the needs of the individuals or children are assembled and they grow to their complete potential. These partnerships do have a significant role to play in making sure that childrens skills and learning are exploited. The multi-professional approach team is completed up of a lot of dissimilar agencies; they are agencies counting hospitals and doctors, schools and teachers, police, social workers and many extra. They all work jointly to assist parents and children to prevent tragic cases such as loss, child violence etc. 4.2 Reflect on the role of the practitioner in meeting children’s learning needs An Early Years Practitioner would be to help with the improvement and care of children and he or she may be responsible for organizing a room and ensuring that policies and actions are being followed and documented. Practitioner would have to provide for their needs as little kids; developmentally, socially and physically. This would be ensuring that Practitioner is promoting and keeping healthy surroundings for all kids. It is also essential that Practitioner gain knowledge by experiencing and educating from the experiences of others. Practitioner would have to enables kids to reach their complete potential and to work inside the Children Act and home guidelines, legislation and values and ensure that Child Safety policies and processes are adhered to at all periods. Practitioner would have to arrangement and prepare stimulating play opportunities that meet up the childrens developmental requirements and stimulates their knowledge. Practitioner would also have to create and maintain affirmative relationships with the kids and their families in a mode that values parental attachment and to provide a service that greetings child’s life occurrences and celebrates variety in terms of culture, language, skill, race and religion. Practitioner would also involve in supervision and personnel development procedures in support of individual development and to start training as proper to meet any changes in principles or proper legal necessities as required. Conclusion Reflective practice is an essential aspect of functioning with young kids which grants practitioners with the verification to form judgments about their role and contribution into the education cycle. Experience is the most essential issue and to recognize that as a latest ‘trainee or latest ‘nursery nurse, Practitioner dont know everything. That Practitioner learn by experiencing and educating from the practices of others.

Rocky Marciano :: essays research papers

On Sept. 1, 1923 Mr. and Mrs. Pierino Marchegiano of Brockton, MA became the proud parents of a lively twelve pound baby boy. The child was named Rocco Marchegiano, but the world would one day know him as the legendary boxer Rocky Marciano. When "bambino Rocco" was 18 months of age, he contracted pneumonia. Although the infection nearly killed him, his exceptionally strong constitution enabled him to survive without impairment. As a pre-teenager, Rocky relished his mother's Italian cooking so much he bordered on being stocky. This was underscored by his relatively short but muscular arms and legs. However, even at this young age, his overall bearing suggested exceptional physical strength. Throughout his teenage years, Rocky took great advantage of living across the street from the James Edgar Playground, where he especially enjoyed playing baseball. It was during this period that he began the habit of exercising to his limit." After spending countless hours hitting and chasing after baseballs, he would often go home and do chinups and lift homemade weights until he was totally fatigued." After supper, "Rocky and his pals often spent hours pummelling a stuffed mail sack that hung from an oak tree in the Marchegiano's back yard....In hot weather, they usually finished their workouts by racing over to Saxton's Spring to get a cold drink of water." Unfortunately, Rocky's experience of growing up in a multi-ethnic, working-class setting contributed to his involvement in a number of "altercations." Although most were territorial battles that took place at James Edgar Field, some occurred well beyond.... Even prior to his teenage years, Rocky's reputation for being a "really tough Italian kid" extended all the way over to the Bush, Brockton's Irish section. However, by the time he was 14, Rocky's notoriety as a baseball slugger began to overtake his reputation as a slugger with his fists. The legend of his athletic prowess began at age 15 when, as cleanup batter on the local American Legion team, he blasted a towering home run over the left field fence at James Edgar Playground. It landed on the front porch of a slightly irate neighbor. At age 15, Rocky entered Brockton High School - an institution with a nationally prestigious football tradition. Error! Bookmark not defined. Rocky's favorite subjects were Italian and Manual Training. And, except for a rather erratic scholastic record, all went reasonably well for him - at first.

Caliban and Trinculo Essay

Caliban and Trinculo are hiding underneath Caliban’s cloak because they are afraid of the storm and of what other beings are approaching them. Stefano has discovered what he thinks is a creature with four legs and two heads, which is really Caliban’s and Trinculo’s legs next to each other and both of their voices. The use of language in this extract differs between characters. Stefano’s use of language is blunt and basic English. The fact that he is drunk adds to the effect that his words are slightly slurred. Stefano and Trinculo are both very low down in the hierarchy, Stefano is the Alonso’s butler and Trinculo is his jester, and this also means that they would not have been taught proper English and so would not have been able to speak in clear, full sentences even when they were not scared of the storm and drunk. Caliban’s language however is a lot nobler and it is of much better English than those of Trinculo and Stefano. This is strange because it would be much more correct to have it the other way around with Trinculo and Stefano speaking better English than Caliban. The reason for this is because when Prospero first discovered Caliban, he treated him nicely and with some respect and Miranda also taught him to speak properly and eloquently and so he sounds like a nobler creature than he actually appears to others. Stefano plays a minor role in the play but provides much of the humour and acts as a contrast between those characters high up in the hierarchy and Caliban. Stefano and Trinculo do no measure up to characters like Alonso, Sebastian and Antonio, but both men have very similar characters. Trinculo’s role in the play is to convey to the audience the comedy and humour that most of the traditional plays of that time contained. However, because he, like Stefano, sees Caliban as a source of future income, he gets jealous because Caliban has chosen Stefano to be his master. When the opportunity arises, he is more interested in getting as much as he can than in fairness. There are many different themes to Shakespeare’s play, ‘The Tempest’, and they all occur frequently. One of these is sovereignty. It is connected repeatedly to Alonso and the usurpation of the throne of Naples and of the Dukedom of Milan. The occurrence of this theme in this passage is when Stefano has just discovered Trinculo hiding from the storm underneath Caliban’s cloak and Trinculo says, ‘And art thou living, Stefano? O Stefano, two Neapolitans ‘scaped? ‘ Trinculo is asking Stefano if they are the only two people to survive the storm. They think that they are the only ones to survive and so they now believe that they are in line for the throne now that the king, his son and all of the others are out of the way. This also connects to the theme of usurpation which is also echoed frequently throughout the play. Other examples of usurpation in this extract and throughout the play are numerous. One of the main ones is when Antonio and Sebastian conspire to kill Alonso and Gonzalo whilst they slept in order to take over the throne of Naples together.

Middle Years Development Essay

Introduction Early adolescence encompasses a diverse range of development, emotions, growth and learning. This can be categorised into the following: Sociocultural, physiological, neurological and psychological. It is the responsibility of middle years educators to be familiar with the stages of development and in particular demonstrate understanding of Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development (Pendergast and Bahr, 2010). It should be the pedagogy of all middle years teachers to establish relationships with students and their families offer students an engaging education and model sensitivity and acceptance of the students especially during adolescent development. This essay will touch on theoretical knowledge and understanding, practical research and identifiable characteristics of middle years students. Middle years educators should consider the implications and how pedagogical practice should be influenced to ensure a holistic educational experience for early adolescent students. SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES â€Å"As children move into early adolescence, they begin to appreciate that people can have mixed feelings about events and other individuals. They realise that people may simultaneously have multiple, and possibly conflicting, intentions† (Pendergast 2010, p. 468). As students approach the middles years of school, ages 9 to 14, it becomes noticeable that students are developing their personalities and opinions. Whilst this is strengthens some friendships it also may dissolve others. The students in the middle years classroom quickly identify peers and develop biases and prejudices. Sadly these prejudices can lead to serious consequences and the development of unhealthy social-cognitive prejudice, which can lead to the exclusion, and discrimination of some students (Pendergast and Bahr, 2010). Carrington argues that adolescents are exposed to adult practices and popular culture as well as having a decreased amount of parental or adult supervision. One can deduce from this that adolescents are making judgments that are not properly formed and this can have an impact on relationships both in and out of school (Carrington, 2010). Kroger (2007), Moll and Arnot-Hopffer (2005) state that adolescents are  establishing more mature identities and view points. it is the teacher’s role to unbiased political view of the world to assist students in accepting and engaging in many opinions and beliefs. Erickson argues that free will can lead to a paradox, namely, that an adolescent would rather act shamelessly in the eyes of his elders, out of free choice, than be forced into activities which would be shameful in his own eyes or in those of his peers (1968, p 147). This theory can be applied to today’s middle school due to very influential factors in sociocultural perspectives such as pop-culture and the immediate environment (Carrington, 2011). Popular culture sets a trend in which it is made popular by a select few in the middle years cohort. This leads to adolescents are striving for individuality within the confines of their environment and social acceptance. Peer interaction and collaborative learning can assist in forming relationships, connect experiences and develop higher order thinking (Willis, 2007). When engaging in these kinds of learning environments opinions can be expressed, supported and argued. Educators must ensure that diversity and tolerance is paramount in the classroom supports this. (Moll and Arnot-Hopffer, 2005). PHYSIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES â€Å"I think what is happening to me is so wonderful, and not only what can be seen on my body, but all that is taking place inside. I never discuss myself or any of these things with anybody; that is why I have to talk to myself about them. † – Anne Frank (1939, p. 146) Anne Frank viewed adolescence, particularly her menarche, as a private and enriching time in her young life that must be kept to herself. This is a viewpoint of some middle years students however sadly, unlike Anne, many adolescents discover the maturational sequences of puberty a difficult and  stressful time. (McDevitt & Ormrod, 2010). Students are experiencing obvious physical changes however these will occur almost certainly at different rates. However brain development, hormones and puberty attribute to physical growth. McDevitt and Ormrod state that these changes are occurring in the body from 9-14 years therefore it is important for adolescent educators to be prepared and sensitive to the changes in their students. Pendergast (2010) argues middle years students feel a sense of isolation and disengagement, which can be attributed to hormonal changes. Puberty does not only influence physical changes but links to social groups, neurological and psychological perspectives. Middle years physiological perspectives also include nutrition, exercise and healthy wellbeing. Encouragement needs to be fostered in healthy eating, but introducing fruit and vegetable breaks and physical movement but encouraging Health and Physical Education or simply movement through drama and dance. Watson and Bandura argue that environmental influences impact on grooming and shaping beliefs (Pendergast and Bahr, 2010). Looking that these theorists further it can be determined that the middle years student is developing habits which are reliant on environment or habitus. Therefore middle years educators are able to influence and model healthy interactions with students, nutrition, health and peer groups. Enthusiasm and care for students and their wellbeing will ensure students are less likely to become withdrawn from classes and their peers, and to embrace the changes and view them as a natural progression of their growth. NEUROLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES As technological advances put more and more time between early school life and the young person’s final access to specialize work the stage of adolescence becomes even more marked and conscious period and, as it has always been in some cultures in some periods, almost a way of life between childhood and adulthood (Erickson 1968, p 147). During adolescence the brain is subject to huge neurological changes. The prefrontal cortex is the final stage of neural development and this period of maturation gives way to neurobiological hypothesis such as adolescents engaging in risky and impulsive behaviour (Casey, Jones and Somerville, 2011). The transition from childhood to adulthood requires the prefrontal cortex of the brain to mature, which improves cognitive ability, settles hormones and moderates the brain chemistry levels. One of the most influential chemicals in the brain is serotonin. High serotonin levels can give way to risky behaviour, sexual promiscuity and defiance. Educators in the middle years need to consider the imbalance of brain chemicals and hormones such as serotonin can lead to disengagement in learning. Whilst this neurological stage is happening it is important to ensure students safety is paramount and discourage students from making suboptimal decisions which lead to poor long-term outcomes (Casey, Jones and Somerville, 2011). Giedd (2002) states â€Å"it’s sort of unfair to expect teens to have adult levels of organizational skills or decision-making before their brains are finished being built. † According to Giedd’s research the brain whilst being 95% of its total size by adolescence the synapse and cortical connections still need to be established and connected. It is also theorized that adolescent brains are only developed properly given higher order associations, real world connections and sensorimotor practice (Casey, Jones and Somerville, 2011). Many factors influence the development of the adolescent brain including peer relations, real world connections, experience and psychological perspectives and so too is the importance of the middle years educator in the life of an adolescent. . PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES Psychological maturation is measured by an adolescent’s ability to maintain or achieve a state of homeostasis. – Jodi A Quas (2011, p.263) It has been recognized that adolescents have many stress markers. These markers are prevalent and can be identified in many ways. Cognitive growth and processes change with such speed that adolescents are vulnerable to normally inconsequential events, which induce diverse psychological reactions. These events can be both positive and negative such as arousal, laughter, sadness, fright or flight. These can produce endorphin’s that allow psychological affects to appear. Middle school students are continually faces with challenges that lead to these psychological shifts in the brain. These can be academic achievement and pressure, peer pressure and collaborative learning, physical exercise and general cultural factors. It is the role of educators to realise the differences in middle years students’ psychological position and ensure nurturing, stimulating and engaging practices are offered to the students at all times (Quas, 2011). Levine & Levine’s (2007) theory of cognitive backpacks also a way of dealing and recognising psychological stressors as well as preparing them for adult life. Using the interpretation model teachers can identify the way in which students react and relate to issues and beliefs. In assessing a student’s deeper understanding and critical thinking of learning an educator can deduce the reason for a middle years student’s beliefs and how their thoughts were established. The instrumentation stage allows students to take ownership of their education and metacognition. This encourages students to have their own voice and not be too easily influenced. Interaction is a stage that is vital to student’s success in future life. The correct environment can advance interaction of peers, encourage interpersonal skills and allows students to exercise their beliefs within a peer setting. This stage then supports the final stage which is inner direction. Confidence of student’s own beliefs, understanding and opinions as well as acceptance of other’s beliefs and opinions enriches the student’s ability to be passionate and motivated to improve themselves (Snowman, 2009). IMPLICATIONS FOR TEACHERS â€Å"We have already described the importance of the teacher in providing an environment in which children can feel challenged and stimulated intellectually, as well as feeling safe to explore and express themselves. † – McInerney & McInerney (2006, p. 491). Middle school education is a multi-faceted exciting teaching opportunity. However, it is important to realise many implications for teachers are needed to be implemented to achieve a balanced inclusive classroom. Carrington (2002) states Queensland must adopt a strong vision for teaching of middle school students. This often requires the consideration of physiological, sociocultural, psychological and neurological perspectives to be accommodated. One implication that resonates through all the perspectives is peer learning. Peer learning has been a proven effective tool when used correctly. Allowing students to have a voice fulfills sociocultural and psychological needs. The student’s voice can be valuable teaching tool as well as a learning tool. Collaborative learning with peers engages students to share and appreciate different perspectives and observations. It is also important to consider that these collaborative learning groups are highly successful in common or same paced learning such as studies of society and environment and science. It is important to ensure each group has a similar cross-section of students to allow for a holistic and diverse interaction. However, to ensure that students are also able to assume the same level in mathematics and literacy, where lessons are catered for particular ability levels rather than groups, it is important to group according to ability level (Snowman, 2009) Another implication in teaching middles years students is ensuring students are able to privately connect with a teacher or even another member of staff should any physiological and psychological changes occur in the classroom. Being prepared and aware that students may begin menarche or sings of spermarche during a class and offering students products and support needed for such an event. Erikson (1968) argues that adolescence is an egocentric stage in which the world around the adolescent is centered on them (Erikson, 1968). This can exacerbate issues such as friendships, bullying or changes within a family unit. A teacher or other staff member such as a guidance councilor or chaplain should be prepared to offer advice and support. It is integral that departmental procedure is adhered to and teachers should always ensure their relationship with their students is professional at all times. A further implication for teachers is to ensure their pedagogical process allows students to be engaged, challenged and given the opportunity to gain real world experience to make connections to their learning and the use of ICT. Education Queensland as well as professional development in this area provide productive pedagogy models. One such model ensures intellectual quality, supportive classroom environment, recognition of difference and connectedness (Education Queensland, 2007). Carrington’s constructivist view of signature practices also supports the framework for establishing meaningful pedagogy for middle years students. Particular elements to assess are incorporation of technology, interdisciplinary teacher teaming, creative use of classroom space and timetabling, strong, valuable teacher-student relationships, integrated curriculum with authentic links to real world, engagement in school, local and wider community and collaborative teaching and learning (Carrington, 2011). The implications of middle years students on teachers are endless, it is vital to recognise and appreciate that students within the years 4 to 9 can offer life long learning opportunities and students also give educators the change to change lives. CONCLUSION â€Å"The middle years of schooling are the site of vibrant educational reform. This is exciting on a number of fronts: the development and implementation of innovative curriculum; the creation of robust teacher professional communities; and, a renewed focus on the relevance of educational research for classroom practice. † – Carrington (2011, p. 1) Educators of middle years students are have a vital role to play in not only in the role of a middle years teacher, but also as an advocate, protector, ambassador and keen participant in the betterment of middle schools education. Ensuring that the middle school has a plan that encompasses the many perspectives of student’s needs and development but also in the environment that surrounds these students. Students are adolescents for such a short time and whilst it is brief it should not be regarded as insignificant. The psychological, neurological and physiological perspectives of an adolescent need constant nurturing and as a teacher this is a in a constant state of change. Whilst the sociocultural perspective it discreet it is the nurturing of all perspectives that results in preparing students for adult life and academic success (Carrington, 2011). Preparing youth for the future extends beyond classroom practice, it requires dedication of further study and being aware of change and adaptable that will see students through the middle years of schooling. REFERENCES Barry, K. and King, L. (2006). Beginning teaching and beyond. Victoria, Australia: Cengage Learning Australia. Casey, B. J. , Jones, R. M. and Somerville, L. H. (2011). Braking and accelerating of the adoloscent brain. Journal of research on adolescence, 21 (1), Pages 21-33. Retrieved from Weill Cornell Medical College http://www. med. cornell. edu/ Carrington, V. (2011). Key themes and the future: Reflections on the middle years of schooling. The University of Queensland. Retrieved from World Education Reform Australia http://www. wef. org. au Carrington, V. (2002). 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